2500 BCE)ĭepictions of a wheeled vehicle appeared between 36 BCE in the Bronocice clay pot excavated in a Funnelbeaker culture settlement in southern Poland. In the second half of the 4th millennium BCE, evidence of wheeled vehicles appeared near-simultaneously in the Northern ( Maykop culture) and South Caucasus and Eastern Europe ( Cucuteni-Trypillian culture).Ī depiction of an onager-drawn cart on the Sumerian "War" panel of the Standard of Ur (c. In Mesopotamia, depictions of wheeled wagons found on clay tablet pictographs at the Eanna district of Uruk, in the Sumerian civilization are dated to c. From the middle of the 4th millennium BCE onward, the evidence is condensed throughout Europe in the form of toy cars, depictions, or ruts, with the oldest find in Northern Germany dating back to around 3400 BCE. The oldest indirect evidence of wheeled movement was found in the form of miniature clay wheels north of the Black Sea before 4000 BCE. Wheels of uncertain dates have also been found in the Indus Valley civilization, a 4th millennium BCE civilization covering areas of present-day India and Pakistan. The oldest surviving example, which was found in Ur (modern day Iraq), dates to approximately 3100 BCE. True potter's wheels, which are freely-spinning and have a wheel and axle mechanism, were developed in Mesopotamia ( Iraq) by 4200–4000 BCE. These were made of stone or clay and secured to the ground with a peg in the center, but required significant effort to turn. One of the earliest examples was discovered at Tepe Pardis, Iran, and dated to 5200–4700 BCE. Precursors of pottery wheels, known as "tournettes" or "slow wheels", were known in the Middle East by the 5th millennium BCE. The Halaf culture of 6500–5100 BCE is sometimes credited with the earliest depiction of a wheeled vehicle, but this is doubtful as there is no evidence of Halafians using either wheeled vehicles or even pottery wheels. This Ljubljana Marshes Wheel with axle is the oldest wooden wheel yet discovered dating to Copper Age (c.
The place and time of the invention of the wheel remains unclear, because the oldest hints do not guarantee the existence of real wheeled transport, or are dated with too much scatter. The English word wheel comes from the Old English word hwēol, from Proto-Germanic * hwehwlaz, from Proto-Indo-European * k wék wlos, an extended form of the root * k wel- "to revolve, move around".Ĭognates within Indo-European include Icelandic hjól "wheel, tyre", Greek κύκλος kúklos, and Sanskrit chakra, the last two both meaning "circle" or "wheel".
Using the wheel, Sumerians invented a device that spins clay as a potter shapes it into the desired object.
In order for wheels to rotate, a moment needs to be applied to the wheel about its axis, either by way of gravity or by the application of another external force or torque. A wheel reduces friction by facilitating motion by rolling together with the use of axles. Wheels are also used for other purposes, such as a ship's wheel, steering wheel, potter's wheel, and flywheel.Ĭommon examples can be found in transport applications. Wheels, in conjunction with axles, allow heavy objects to be moved easily facilitating movement or transportation while supporting a load, or performing labor in machines. The wheel is one of the key components of the wheel and axle which is one of the six simple machines. An early wheel made of a solid piece of woodĪ wheel is a circular component that is intended to rotate on an axle bearing.
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